اساسيات الموجات فوق الصوتية

ما معنى الموجات فوق الصوتية ؟).

• تصواتي أو فوق صوتي : (Ultrasonic or Ultrasound)
هو مصطلح يطلق على الترددات الصوتية التي تفوق 20 كيلوهرتز.
تستطيع الأذن البشرية سماع الاصوات التي تتراوح تردداتها بين 20 هرتز و 20 كيلوهرتز بوضوح بينما تتوهن جميع الاصوات التي تقل عن 20 هرتز أو تزيد عن 20 كيلوهرتز (20.000 هرتز)
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The Basic Concepts of Diagnostic Ultrasound


by
Beverly Stern
biomedikal.in/.../basic-detailed-tutorial-on-ultrasound-imagin... - Cached

Definition
Ultrasound involves the use of high-frequency sound waves to create images of organs and systems within the body.

The human ear can hear sound waves that have a frequency of 20-20,000 hertz.
Ultrasound refers to waves that have a frequency higher than 20,000 Hz and are therefore outside our hearing range.
Sound waves cannot travel in a vacuum like light waves; they must have a medium to travel through.
In any homogeneous material, sound Will travel at a constant rate. The rate will differ with different media.

Hz is the symbol for “hertz”, the internationally accepted unit for measuring cycles.
1 1Hz = 1 cycle per second.
(MHz is the symbol for megahertz.( 1 MHz = 1,000,000 Hz.


The approximate speed of sound in water and soft body tissue is the same (1540 m/s). Why do you think that is so? The reason is that body tissue contains such a large proportion of water that sound travels through it at approximately the same rate it travels through water.

Before beginning to study the ultrasound medical imaging process, there are two situations to consider :
First, suppose you are standing on an open plane and shout, “HELLO!”. What would happen?
Your voice would go forth and disappear.
Next suppose you were in a canyon and yell, “HELLO!”:
Now what would happen?
Sure, you’d hear an echo.
How is an echo produced?
It is produced from the sound of your voice going forth and bumping into the side of the canyon wall then being reflected back to you.
If you stand in the canyon and yell, “HELLO!”, and in 0.1 seconds an echo comes back to you, how far is it across the canyon?
Using the data in this table and the distance formula you can solve that.
Distance = Rate x Time
d = r x t
d = 1,100 ft/s x 0.1 s
d = 110 ft
Since the sound had to travel 110 ft across the canyon and back, one way, the distance across the canyon, would be half that or 55 ft. Answer: 55 feet 
يتبعtime is given correctly // speed of sound in air is 340 m/s =~ 1100 foot/s        1100 x 0.1=110 f //  Since the sound had to travel 110 ft across the canyon and back, one way, the distance across the canyon, would be half that or 55 ft. Answer: 55 feet

EXAMPLE

You are on a sailing vessel out at sea and you want to know the depth of the water.
Your ultrasound instrument sends out sound waves that hit the bottom and return in 4 seconds (go return time).
How deep is the water?
d = r x t
d = 4,800 ft/s x 4 s
d = 19,200 ft
Since the sound wave had to travel 19,200 ft round trip, one way, the depth of the water at that point, would be half that or 9,600 ft.

The basic ultrasound process goes as follows :
The operator, usually a sonographer or radiologist, signals the generator which produces an electrical pulse and sends it to the transducer.1 The transducer, or probe, changes the electrical pulse into a sound pulse and sends it into the body.
An electric current can be produced in a continuous current form or a “pulsed” form where the current is on and then off in a periodic way.
The sound wave will travel through the first body tissue until it hits an interface, where two different tissues are contiguous. Because of this interface, some of the sound wave will be reflected back and some will continue to travel through the next tissue.
The part that is reflected back, the echo, is picked up by the transducer and changed into an electric pulse.
The electric pulse is then sent to the computer/display.
Depending on :a) the time it takes an electrical pulse to make the round trip into the body and back and b) its intensity, a computer determines where on the display screen to make a dot and what shade of gray, from light to dark, it should be.
The operator reads the information that appears on the screen.
يتبع

معنى الموجات فوق الصوتية ؟).
• تصواتي أو فوق صوتي : (Ultrasonic or Ultrasound)
هو مصطلح يطلق على الترددات الصوتية التي تفوق 20 كيلوهرتز.
تستطيع الأذن البشرية سماع الاصوات التي تتراوح تردداتها بين 20 هرتز و 20 كيلوهرتز بوضوح بينما تتوهن جميع الاصوات التي تقل عن 20 هرتز أو تزيد عن 20 كيلوهرتز (20.000 هرتز)
Ultrasound involves the use of high-frequency sound waves to create images of organs and systems within the body.
------------------------------------------------------------

Ultrasound medical imaging produces readable images of inner body structures and motion without surgical entry into the body or radiation. Along with conventional radiography (X-ray), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and computed tomography (CT or CAT scan), ultrasound is one of modern medicines most powerful diagnostic tools.
(figure available in print form)

Ultrasound is a sound wave.
All waves have the following characteristics:
frequency, period, wavelength, propagation speed, amplitude and intensity.
Frequency, period, amplitude and intensity are determined by the sound source.
Propagation speed is determined by the medium, and wavelength is determined by both the source and mediumm.
The frequency of a wave tells how many cycles occur in a second.
Frequency is measured in Hz and MHz.
As stated above, the human ear can hear sound waves in the 20-20,000 Hz range and ultrasound refers to sound waves that are above 20,000 Hz. Diagnostic ultra-sound uses frequencies in the 1,000,000-5,000,000 Hz, or 1-5 MHz, range.


FREQUENCY/ AMPLITUDE
The frequency of a sound wave or pulse is important in image resolution (display) and depth of penetration.
The higher the frequency the better the resolution but the less depth of penetration. The lower the frequency the greater the depth of penetration but the poorer the resolution.
Wavelength is the distance or space needed for one cycle to occur. In diagnostic ultrasound wavelength is measured in meters (m) and millimeters (mm). It is important in image resolution.
Sound waves must have a medium to pass through. The speed at which a sound wave travels through a medium is called the propagation speed or velocity.
It is equal to the frequency times the wavelength.
In ultrasound it is measured in meters per second (m/s) or millimeters per microsecond (mm/µ s).
In general, the propagation speed of sound through gases is low, liquids higher and solids highest.
The average propagation speed for sound in body tissue is 1540 m/s, or 1.54 mm/µs.
Carefully read the following table.

Velocity of Sound in Various Materials

Material Velocity (m/s)
--------------------
air 331
fat 1450
water (50°C) 1540
human soft tissue 1540
brain 1541
liver 1549
kidney 1561
blood 1570
muscle 1585
lens of eye 1620
skull-bone 4080
brass 4490
aluminum 6400
____________________________
From Christensen, E.E.1

The period of a wave is the time it takes for one complete cycle to occur.
It is the reciprocal of frequency.
Period is measured in seconds(s) or microseconds (us).

يتبع

معنى الموجات فوق الصوتية ؟).
• تصواتي أو فوق صوتي : (Ultrasonic or Ultrasound)
هو مصطلح يطلق على الترددات الصوتية التي تفوق 20 كيلوهرتز.
تستطيع الأذن البشرية سماع الاصوات التي تتراوح تردداتها بين 20 هرتز و 20 كيلوهرتز بوضوح بينما تتوهن جميع الاصوات التي تقل عن 20 هرتز أو تزيد عن 20 كيلوهرتز (20.000 هرتز)
Ultrasound involves the use of high-frequency sound waves to create images of organs and systems within the body.

Amplitude is the maximum height that occurs in a wave minus its normal value.
It is measured in watts (W) and microwatts (µ W).
Amplitude is important in determining the display and attenuation, the energy loss as sound travels through a tissue.
Intensity is a magnitude, such as energy or a force, divided by a unit of area, volume, etc.
For sound it is the power, the amount of energy transferred measured in watts (W) divided by the area of the sound beam measured in square meters, (W/m2).
The sound beam will be discussed later.
Amplitude and intensity describe the strength of a sound beam.
So far we have been considering terms that could be used to describe any wave—water, light, sound, radio,etc.
Now we will consider ideas more specific to sound waves.

How is sound produced ?
An electric current, in a pulsed rather than continuous pattern, is sent to the transducer which converts the electrical energy into mechanical sound energy.
The heart of the transducer is the piezoelectric (pi e zo i lek’ trik) crystal.
This crystal, which is either natural or man made, has been processed to have the piezoelectric property of changing a mechanical sound to electrical current and vice versa
يتبع

THE PROBE
.Behind the crystal is the backing material which dampens the sound pulse 
In front of the crystal is an acoustical lens, which helps to focus and cut down the reflections of returning sound impulses.
Piezoelectric means pressure electricity.
The piezoelectric crystal can be thought of as having many small particles called dipoles.
Each dipole has a positive and negative charge.
Plating electrodes are placed on each side of the crystal.
A negative charge is induced on one side, a positive charge on the other.
This establishes an electric field between the plates, through the crystal.
The dipoles are rearranged because of this .
The positive charge of the dipole shifts slightly closer to the negative side and the negative charge of the dipole shifts slightly closer to the positive side.
This realignment of the dipoles results in a small decrease in the thickness of the crystal.
When the field is turned off, the dipoles return to their original position and the crystal expands .

PEIZOELECTRIC CRYSTAL

It is this contracting and expanding that produces the sound wave.
When it expands it pushes the particles in its way and sends them crowding out in all directions.
As the crystal becomes narrower there is a space created and the particles rush in to fill the space and return to their former positions.
When the crystal pushes out causing a crowding of the particles, it is called compression.
Compression represents the maximum in a usual wave illustration or the crowded (dark) part of the line representation of a wave.
The space caused by the contraction is called rarefaction ; it is represented on the same illustration.
Now let’s go back.
The generator, or pulser, sent an electric pulse to the transducer which changed it into a sound pulse.
It is important next that the sound pulse travel directly from the transducer into the body without any air pockets or bubbles.
Air acts as a sound barrier and would result in poorer resolution.
To prevent this, a lubricant, such as mineral oil, is always placed on the skin. This provides a good connection between the transducer and the body.

يتبع

Actually what is important here is not that we understand all the mathematics and physics, but that we understand the overall process and get some feeling for the mathematics that the computerized instrumentation performs.
The computer component between the transducer and the display makes thousands of calculations per second.
The last area to be considered deals with what happens after the transducer receives the echo.
Originally when a sound impulse was received it was processed to appear as a vertical reflection of a point.
It looked like spikes of different heights.
The intensity of the returning impulse determined the height of the vertical reflection and the time it took for the impulse to make the round trip would determine the space between verticals.
This method of di splay was called A-mode.
Later, instead of the returning electrical impulse making vertical movements as in the A-mode, they were used to produce dots on a screen. This was called B-mode. The “B” comes from “brightness”.
If the intensity was of a determined intensity, a dot of light was put on the display screen.
The first B-mode displays showed all dots the same color or tone.
Either a returning pulse was strong enough to cause a dot or it was not.
This was called bistable imaging.
Next came the assigning to the returning sound pulses different shades of darkness depending on their intensities.
The varying shades of gray reflected variations in the texture of internal organs.
This form of display was called gray scale and provided significantly more information.
Another significant step in improving ultrasound imaging was the development of the Compounded B-mode.
Here the images produced at each probe position are stored until the probe has completed its traverse across the body.
At that point all the individual scan images are integrated and displayed as a cross section of the body.
The result of the Compound B-mode is similar to taking a whole loaf of bread and slicing it through the middle. When you do this you cut through the bread in a plane and this would allow you to see the center of the bread—at least in that plane.
In a parallel way ultrasound cuts through the body in a plane and allows us to view what’s happening inside the body—at least in that plane.
M-mode basically took a B-mode image, turned it vertically and recorded the returning images over time.
For example, if the probe was scanning a particular part of the heart it would receive the image in B-mode from that part, but the focus wouldn’t move to another part of the heart. Instead it would receive more images from the same part only now there would be different images because of the heart’s motion.
People who understand the functioning of the heart and the principles of ultrasound are able to learn important data from M-modee.
The “M” stands for motion.
Real-time mode is the last major display development.
This mode allows for visualizing motion of internal structures in a way that is much easier to read.
It is important to have the images easier to read because this makes the technique available to more people.
Real-time is like a movie of the body’s inside functioning .
It actually is made up of compound B-mode images in frames of about 30 per second.
For real-time the transducer is different than for the A,B or M modes because a larger sound beam is needed.
The transducer operates the same way but would have more than one piezoelectric crystal and the crystals would be arranged and fired in different ways.
An ultrasound real-time study was being done when the sonograms study was being done to determine the age of the fetus and to see if it looked like a normal pregnancy.
Notice the “+” symbols. They are electronic calipers.
The sonographer scans in real-time until she can catch the fetus in the position she wants to take the needed measurements.
When she finds a scan she needs, she freezes it, sets the calipers and the computer tells the measurements. Suppose the femur was about 12 mm & the head measurement was about 2.5 cm: With either measurement the sonographer can look on a chart and determine the age.
https://health.howstuffworks.com/pregnancy-and-parenting/pregnancy/issues/carrying-boy-or-girl.htm

for more details
هذا الرابط
كمال سيد

ULTRASOUND
1. Sound waves propagated through body
2. Waves reflected by tissue interfaces
3. Information processed and displayed (like RADAR)
4. "Echogenicity" characteristics

Solid vs. CysticUltrasound

ULTRASOUND
1. No Ionizing Radiation
2. Ideal for OB/GYN, children
3. Morphologic and Dynamic information (peristalsis)
4. Doppler technique shows flow
5. Real-time Images (biopsy, fetal movement, heart, etc.)

US TERMS
1. Anechoic
2. Hypoechoic
3. Echogenic
4. Hyperechoic

US TERMS
1. Fluid:Anechoic
2. Tissue: Echogenic
3. Calcium, Air: Hyperechoic