RESPIRATORY physiology

smle step 1 daily quiz questions
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Questions from Respiratory Physiology
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There are both pulmonary and extra pulmonary causes of restrictive diseases.

What is the key concept for pulmonary causes?

- Poor lung compliance

سؤال من الجهاز التنفسي الفيزيولوجيا 2: هناك أسباب كل الرئوي وخارج الرئوي من الأمراض التقييدية.

ما هو المفهوم الرئيسي للأسباب الرئوية؟

-ضعف الرئة الامتثال (مترجم بواسطة ‏‎Bing‎‏)

++++++++++++++++++

What is a good memory key for forced vital capacity or FVC?

- Breathe in as much as possible and then breathe out as hard as you can
سؤال من الجهاز التنفسي الفيزيولوجيا 2: ما هو مفتاح ذاكرة جيدة للقدرات الحيوية القسرية أو تطعيما؟

-التنفس قدر الإمكان وثم تنفس جد كما يمكنك (مترجم بواسطة ‏‎Bing‎‏)
++++++++++++++

What is the lung function test that is defined as the maximum air volume that a patient can expire in one second following maximal expiration? It starts with an F
- Forced expiratory volume 1

سؤال من الجهاز التنفسي الفيزيولوجيا 2: ما هو اختبار وظائف الرئة التي تم تعريفها كحجم الهواء القصوى التي يمكن أن تنتهي مريض في ثانية واحدة بعد انتهاء الصلاحية القصوى؟ ويبدأ بواو--أجبر حجم الزفير 1 (مترجم بواسطة ‏‎Bing‎‏)

++++++++++++++++++++++

Fourth and last, these are exhaled in the air.

- Less than .5 micrometer

سؤال من الجهاز التنفسي الفيزيولوجيا 2: رابع وآخر، وهذه هي الزفير في الهواء.

-أقل من.5 ميكرومتر (مترجم بواسطة ‏‎Bing‎‏)

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Third, these are ingested by macrophages in the alveoli.

- Between .5 and 2 micrometers

سؤال من الجهاز التنفسي الفيزيولوجيا 2: ثالثا، وهذه هي بلعها من الضامة في الحويصلات الهوائية.

-بين.5 و 2 ميكرومتر (مترجم بواسطة ‏‎Bing‎‏)
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Now I’ll give the description. Please respond with the range of size.

First, these particles settle on bronchial walls and are removed by cilia, coughing, and bronchial constriction.

two to 10 micrometers -

سؤال من الجهاز التنفسي الفيزيولوجيا 2: الآن سوف أعطى الوصف. الرجاء الرد مع مجموعة الحجم.

أولاً، أن هذه الجزيئات تستقر على جدران الشعب الهوائية وتتم إزالة بواسطة أهداب، والسعال، وانقباض الشعب الهوائية.

2 إلى 10 ميكرومتر (مترجم بواسطة ‏‎Bing‎‏)
+++++++++++++++++

What happens to particles that are between .5 and 2 micrometers?

- These are ingested by marcophages in the alveoli

سؤال من الجهاز التنفسي الفيزيولوجيا 2: ما الذي يحدث للجسيمات التي بين.5 و 2 ميكرومتر؟

--هذه هي بلعها من ماركوفاجيس في الحويصلات الهوائية (مترجم بواسطة ‏‎Bing‎‏)

+++++++++++++

smle step 1 daily quiz questions
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Questions from Respiratory Physiology
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Moving now to deposition of inhaled particles by size.

What happens to inhaled particles that are greater than 10 micrometers in size?

- Particles greater than ten micrometers in size adhere to nasal hairs or mucosal linings in the nose and pharynx

سؤال من الجهاز التنفسي الفيزيولوجيا 2: تتحرك الآن إلى ترسب من استنشاق الجسيمات حسب الحجم.

ماذا يحدث لاستنشاق الجزيئات التي تزيد عن 10 ميكرومتر في الحجم؟
--الجسيمات أكبر من عشرة ميكرومتر في الحجم التمسك بالشعر الآنف أو البطانات المخاطية في الآنف والبلعوم (مترجم بواسطة ‏‎Bing‎‏)
++++++++++++

What reflex is initiated by stimulation of stretch receptors in the small airways? The two word answer starts with HB

- The hering breuer reflex is initiated when the stretch receptors in the small airways are stimulated.
سؤال من الجهاز التنفسي الفيزيولوجيا 2: ما هي العاكسة يتم تهيئتها بواسطة تحفيز مستقبلات التمدد في الخطوط الجوية الصغيرة؟ الجواب كلمة اثنين يبدأ مع غبطة-هيرينغ ريفلكس بروير يتم البدء عندما يتم تحفيز مستقبلات التمدد في الخطوط الجوية الصغيرة. (مترجم بواسطة ‏‎Bing‎‏)

Is this reflex more prominent in adults or in newborns?

- In newborns
سؤال من الجهاز التنفسي الفيزيولوجيا 2: ما هي العاكسة يتم تهيئتها بواسطة تحفيز مستقبلات التمدد في الخطوط الجوية الصغيرة؟ الجواب كلمة اثنين يبدأ مع غبطة-هيرينغ ريفلكس بروير يتم البدء عندما يتم تحفيز مستقبلات التمدد في الخطوط الجوية الصغيرة. (مترجم بواسطة ‏‎Bing‎‏)

سؤال من الجهاز التنفسي الفيزيولوجيا 2: هو رد الفعل هذا أكثر بروزا في البالغين أو الأطفال حديثي الولادة؟

-في الأطفال حديثي الولادة (مترجم بواسطة ‏‎Bing‎‏)

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++
What are the stretch responses in the small airways stimulated by?

- An increase in lung volume.
سؤال من الجهاز التنفسي الفيزيولوجيا 2: ما هي الردود التي تمتد في الخطوط الجوية الصغيرة تحفزها؟

-زيادة في حجم الرئة. (مترجم بواسطة ‏‎Bing‎‏)
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Alphabetically, list five respiratory reflexes initiated by stimulation of irritant receptors. I’ll cue you with the first letter of each.

First, A

- apnea or breath holding

Second, B

- bronchoconstriction

Third, C
- coughing

Fourth, MS
- mucous secretion
Fifth, S
- sneezing
سؤال من الجهاز التنفسي الفيزيولوجيا 2: قائمة حسب الترتيب الأبجدي، خمسة ردود الفعل التنفسية بدأها تحفيز مستقبلات مهيجة. أنا سوف جديلة يمكنك مع الحرف الأول من كل منهما.

الأولى،-انقطاع النفس أو التنفس عقد الثانية، ب-برونتشوكونستريكشن الثالث، ج-السعال الرابع، مرض التصلب العصبي المتعدد-إفراز الأغشية المخاطية الخامس، ق-العطس(مترجم بواسطة ‏‎Bing‎‏)
++++++++++++++

List three things that will stimulate the irritant receptors. I’ll cue you with the first letter or letters of each.

First, D

- dust

Second, NG
- noxious gases

Third, S
- smoke
سؤال من الجهاز التنفسي الفيزيولوجيا 2: قائمة الأشياء الثلاثة التي سوف تحفز مستقبلات مهيجة. أنا سوف جديلة لك مع أول حرف أو حروف كل منهما.

أولاً، د-الغبار ثانيا، الغازات نغ-الضارة الثالثة، S-الدخان (مترجم بواسطة ‏‎Bing‎‏)
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

decrease in what aspect of arterial blood evokes a response?

- A decrease in PCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide.
سؤال من 2 فسيولوجيا الجهاز التنفسي: انخفاض ما جانب دم الشرياني تثير رد فعل؟

-انخفاض في PCO2، الضغط الجزئي لثاني أكسيد الكربون. (مترجم بواسطة ‏‎Bing‎‏)
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

In addition to the chemo receptors, there are also several kinds of mechanoreceptors that cause a pulmonary response when stimulated.

Where are the pulmonary irritant receptors located?

- The pulmonary irritant receptors are located in the large airways of the body.
سؤال من الجهاز التنفسي الفيزيولوجيا 2: بالإضافة إلى مستقبلات الكيماوي، وهناك أيضا عدة أنواع من ميتشانوريسيبتورس التي تسبب استجابة رئوية عند حفز.
أين تقع مستقبلات مهيجة الرئوي؟

--مستقبلات مهيجة الرئوية تقع في الخطوط الجوية الكبيرة للجسم.(مترجم بواسطة ‏‎Bing‎‏)

smle step 1 daily quiz questions
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Questions from Respiratory Physiology
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What change in either partial pressure of oxygen or hydrogen ion concentration of arterial blood evokes a response from peripheral chemo receptors?

- An increase in either PO2 or hydrogen ion concentration of arterial blood evokes a response from the peripheral chemo receptors
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

The peripheral chemo receptors monitor what kind of blood?

- Arterial blood
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What change activates a chemo receptor?

- A change in chemical environment of the cell
++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Where are peripheral chemo receptors located?

- The peripheral chemo receptors are located on the carotid and aortic bodies
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Activation of various receptors in the body evoke a respiratory response.

What are the receptors called that are located in the medulla just beneath its ventral surface? The two word answer starts with CC.

- Central chemo receptors or sometimes medullary chemo receptors.

What are chemo receptors?

- Chemo receptors are cells that when activated result in nerve impulse.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++

What does stimulation of the pneumotaxic center cause to happen?

- The act of inspiration is shortened and breathing becomes shallower and more rapid.

+++++++++++++++++++++++

Where in the pons is the pneumotaxic center located?

- In the rostral, or upper part, of the pons

+++++++++++++++++++++++

Where in the pons is the apneustic center located?

- The apneustic center is in the caudal pons.

++++++++++++++++


When do the neurons of the VRG discharge action potentials?

- Some of the VRG neurons discharge during inspiration and some during expiration.



+++++++++++++++++++

Two pontine centers located in the brain stem can alter the rhythm of respiration generated in the medulla.

What are these two pontine centers called? They start with A and P

- The two pontine centers that alter respiratory rhythm are the apneustic center and the pneumotaxic center.
++++++++++++++++++

Afferent information comes into the DRG via what two nerves? They start with the letters V and G.

- The vagus and the glossopharyngeal nerves
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The ventral respiratory group is a long column of neurons.

Where in the medulla is the VRG located?

- The VRG is located in the ventral lateral medulla

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The dorsal respiratory group is part of the nucleus of what medullary fiber bundle? The two word answer starts with ST.

- Solitary tract
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The dorsal respiratory group and the ventral respiratory group are influenced by activity in four other regions of the brain. List these four brain areas alphabetically. I’ll cue you with the first letter or letters of each.

First, CC-

- cerebral cortex

Second, P

- Pons

Third, RAS

- reticular activating system

And fourth T

- thalamus

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Is the dorsal respiratory group primarily inspiratory, expiratory, or both?

- The DRG is mainly inspiratory.
++++++++++++++++++++

Which of these two neuron groups is thought to be the main rhythm generator?

- The dorsal respiratory group is thought to be the main rhythm generator
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In what part of the brain is the involuntary rhythm of respiration generated? It starts with an M.

- In the Medulla
++++++++++++++++

Two groups of neurons in the medulla discharge in phase during respiration to generate the basic rhythm of breathing.
What are the names of these two groups of cells?
Their acronyms are DRG and VRG.

- The dorsal respiratory group and the ventral respiratory group
++++++++++++++++++

Finally, we come to the third kind of dead space. What is it called and what does it consist of?

- Physiological dead space is the total dead space in the lungs. That is, anatomical dead space plus alveolar dead space.
++++++++++++++++++++++

Moving now to respiratory control. In order to function, the respiratory muscles need electrical stimulation from the central nervous system.

What motor nerve innervates the diaphragm? It starts with a P.

- Phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm
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What about a lung area where there is no blood flow? What will the VQ ratio for that area equal?

- In lung regions with no blood flow, the VQ ratio equals infinity.
++++++++++++++++++++

Whenever the ventilation perfusion ratio is greater than one up to infinity, we have wasted ventilation. What kind of dead space results from ventilation of alveoli that are either under perfused or not perfused at all?

- Alveolar dead space
+++++++++++++++++++++++

In contrast, how does increasing the number of breaths per minute affect ventilation of alveoli and dead space?

- Alveolar ventilation and dead space ventilation are both increased proportionally.
+++++++++++++++++++++++

When an area of the lungs is either over ventilated or under perfused, what will its ventilation perfusion ratio be?

- The VQ ratio is greater than 1 in lung regions that are over ventilated or under perfused
++++++++++++++++++++++++


Which of the three kinds of dead space is the volume of air that remains in the airways?

- The anatomical dead space is the volume of air that remains in the airways.
++++++++++++++++++

When tidal volume is increased, does most of the extra inspired air ventilate the alveoli, the dead space, or about equal?

- When tidal volume is increased, most of the extra air ventilates the alveoli.

smle step 1 daily quiz questions
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Question from Respiratory Physiology 2
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Not all inspired air is delivered to the alveoli. Some of it remains in the air ways that comprise the conducting zone of the respiratory system.

Under resting conditions, what percent of each tidal volume of inspired air remains in the air ways?

twenty five to 35 percent
======



Before we discuss the three kinds of dead space that exist in the lungs, let’s just list them. I’ll cue you with the first letter of each.
First, P
- physiological dead space

Second, A

- Anatomical dead space
And Third, A

- Alveolar dead space
===

With exercise and increased cardiac output, what is the resulting ventilation perfusion ratio?

It approaches unity. In other words, it approaches 1
===

What happens in the lungs to allow the ventilation perfusion ratio to approach unity?

- Vasodilation of apical capillaries
====

In healthy lungs, what percent of cardiac output bypasses gas exchange in the alveoli?

- From 2 to 5 percent


What is this called? It starts with the letter S

- Shunt
====
====

What is the composition of the blood leaving an unventilated region of the lung?

- A composition of blood leaving an unventilated lung region is the same as mixed venous blood
=====

What is the ventilation perfusion ratio for lung region with no ventilation?

- The ventilation perfusion ratio equals zero when ventilation is zero.
=====

Anatomic shunt can also have extra pulmonary causes. Another kind of shunt that can occur in the lungs is caused by a ventilation perfusion imbalance. This one starts with a letter P. What is it?

- Physiologic shunt or physiological shunt is caused by ventilation perfusion imbalance.
=====

What is the ventilation perfusion ratio when a physiological shunt occurs?

- The ventilation perfusion ratio is greater than zero but less than one
====

What causes such a VQ ratio?
- Excessive perfusion or inadequate ventilation will cause a VQ ratio greater than zero but less than one.

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Usmle step 1 daily quiz questions
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Question from Left shifted curve:
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What toxic gas, when present, competes for oxygen binding sites on hemoglobin?

- Carbon monoxide.
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Question from P50:
------------------

How are P50 and hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen related?

- They are inversely related.

=====

Question from Respiratory Physiology 2:

Now let’s talk about high altitude response.

When a person goes to a high altitude, what is the immediate effect on arterial oxygen tension?

- At high altitude, arterial oxygen tension decreases and the person becomes hypoxemic
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What structure carries oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the heart?

- Pulmonary veins.

What is the rule for arteries?
- Arteries always carry blood away from the heart.
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When exercise or other causes create an increase in carbon dioxide in the blood, what process happens in the lungs to lower pulmonary flow resistance?
- The apical capillaries that are normally closed will open in response to vasodilation.
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What is the ideal relationship between ventilation and perfusion?
- They are equal.
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Where in the lung is pulmonary capillary blood flow greater?
- Also at the base.
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What is the ventilation perfusion ratio equal to when the most efficient gas exchange occurs?
- Ideally, the ventilation perfusion ratio equals 1 or close to 1
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In liters per minute, what is normal alveolar ventilation?
- Normal alveolar ventilation is 4.5 to 5 liters per minute

What effect does shunted blood have on the oxygen tension of systemic arterial blood?

- Shunted blood causes the oxygen tension of systemic arterial blood to fall below alveolar oxygen tension
=====

What types of organisms tend to flourish in the apex of the lungs?
- Organisms that thrive on high oxygen intake flourish in the apex of the lungs

=====
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Breathing mechanism & Gas Exchange

(An Introduction to Mechanical Ventilation (Mechanical Ventilation - Lecture 1 

BAG MASK VENTILATION - Positive-Pressure Ventilation

Not all inspired air is delivered to the alveoli. Some of it remains in the air ways that comprise the conducting zone of the respiratory system.

Under resting conditions, what percent of each tidal volume of inspired air remains in the air ways? 

twenty five to 35 percent 
======



Before we discuss the three kinds of dead space that exist in the lungs, let’s just list them. I’ll cue you with the first letter of each. 
First, P
- physiological dead space 

Second, A

- Anatomical dead space 
And Third, A

- Alveolar dead space
===

With exercise and increased cardiac output, what is the resulting ventilation perfusion ratio?

It approaches unity. In other words, it approaches 1
===

What happens in the lungs to allow the ventilation perfusion ratio to approach unity? 

- Vasodilation of apical capillaries
====

In healthy lungs, what percent of cardiac output bypasses gas exchange in the alveoli? 

- From 2 to 5 percent


What is this called? It starts with the letter S 

- Shunt
====
====

What is the composition of the blood leaving an unventilated region of the lung? 

- A composition of blood leaving an unventilated lung region is the same as mixed venous blood
=====

What is the ventilation perfusion ratio for lung region with no ventilation? 

- The ventilation perfusion ratio equals zero when ventilation is zero.
=====

Anatomic shunt can also have extra pulmonary causes. Another kind of shunt that can occur in the lungs is caused by a ventilation perfusion imbalance. This one starts with a letter P. What is it? 

- Physiologic shunt or physiological shunt is caused by ventilation perfusion imbalance.
=====

What is the ventilation perfusion ratio when a physiological shunt occurs? 

- The ventilation perfusion ratio is greater than zero but less than one
====

What causes such a VQ ratio? 
- Excessive perfusion or inadequate ventilation will cause a VQ ratio greater than zero but less than one.

=========

What toxic gas, when present, competes for oxygen binding sites on hemoglobin?

- Carbon monoxide.
=====

Question from P50:
------------------

How are P50 and hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen related?

- They are inversely related.

=====

Question from Respiratory Physiology 2:

Now let’s talk about high altitude response. 

When a person goes to a high altitude, what is the immediate effect on arterial oxygen tension? 

- At high altitude, arterial oxygen tension decreases and the person becomes hypoxemic
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[size=30]Lung Physiology Video[/size]

[size=30]Upper Respiratory Tract. The Pharynx[/size]

This a tutorial outlining the basics of the the pharynx and other elements of the upper respiratory tract.

[size=30]https://meducation.net/resources/30112-Upper-Respiratory-Tract-The-Pharynx[/size]

[size=30]The Respiratory System[/size]

Vivid animation and real-life examples demonstrate the respiration process, including the transfer of oxygen into the bloodstream and the effect of exercise on the respiratory system.
https://meducation.net/resources/32342-