Composition of the human body and Dietary mineral

Composition of the human body and Dietary mineral

The chemical elements of life

Around two dozen of the 94 naturally-occurring chemical elements are essential to various kinds of biological life. Most rare elements on Earth are not needed by life (exceptions being selenium and iodine), while a few common ones (aluminum and titanium) are not used.

Most organisms share element needs, but there are a few differences between plants and animals. For example ocean algae use bromine but land plants and animals seem to need none.
All animals require sodium, but some plants do not. Plants need boron and silicon, but animals may not (or may need ultra-small amounts).

Just six elements—carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, calcium, and phosphorus—make up almost 99% of the mass of a human body (see composition of the human body for a complete list).
In addition to the six major elements that compose most of the human body, humans require smaller amounts of possibly 18 more. 4]


Biomolecules

The four main classes of molecules in biochemistry are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Many biological molecules are polymers: in this terminology, monomers are relatively small micromolecules that are linked together to create large macromolecules, which are known as polymers.
When monomers are linked together to synthesize a biological polymer, they undergo a process called dehydration synthesis

Major categories of bio-compounds:

Carbohydrates :

sugar -- disaccharide -- polysaccharide -- starch -- glycogen


Lipids : fatty acid -- fats -- essential oils -- oils -- waxes -- cholesterol

Nucleic acids : DNA -- RNA -- mRNA -- tRNA -- rRNA -- codon -- adenosine -- cytosine -- guanine -- thymine -- uracil


Proteins :

amino acid -- glycine -- arginine -- lysine
peptide -- primary structure -- secondary structure -- tertiary structure -- conformation -- protein folding


Chemical properties:

molecular bond -- covalent bond -- ionic bond -- hydrogen bond -- ester -- ethylmolecular charge -- hydrophilic -- hydrophobic -- polar
pH -- acid -- alkaline -- base
oxidation -- reduction -- hydrolysis


Structural compounds:

In cells: flagellin -- peptidoglycan -- myelin -- actin -- myosin
In animals: chitin -- keratin -- collagen -- silk
In plants: cellulose -- lignin -- cell wall


Enzymes and enzyme activity:

enzyme kinetics -- enzyme inhibition
proteolysis -- ubiquitin -- proteasome
kinase -- dehydrogenase


Membranes :

fluid mosaic model -- diffusion -- osmosis
phospholipids -- glycolipid -- glycocalyx -- antigen -- isoprene
ion channel -- proton pump -- electron transport -- ion gradient -- antiporter -- symporter -- quinone -- riboflavin

Energy pathways :

pigments : chlorophyll -- carotenoids -- xanthophyll -- cytochrome -- phycobilin -- bacteriorhodopsin -- hemoglobin -- myoglobin -- absorption spectrum -- action spectrum -- fluorescence

Photosynthesis : light reaction -- dark reaction

Fermentation : Acetyl-CoA -- lactic acid

Cellular respiration : Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) -- NADH -- pyruvate -- oxalate -- citrate


Chemosynthesis
Regulation

hormones : auxin
signal transduction -- growth factor -- transcription factor -- protein kinase -- SH3 domain

Malfunctions : tumor -- oncogene -- tumor suppressor gene

Receptors : Integrin -- transmembrane receptor -- ion channel

Techniques :

electrophoresis -- chromatography -- mass spectrometry -- x-ray diffraction -- Southern blot -- fractionation -- Gram stain -- Surface Plasmon Resonance -- Microscale Thermophoresis

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