عدد المساهمات : 2464نقاط : 4252السٌّمعَة : 9الجنس : علم بلدك : تاريخ الميلاد : 03/04/1950تاريخ التسجيل : 30/07/2012العمر : 74 الموقع : السودان - سنارالعمل/الترفيه : طبيب عمومى وموجات صوتيةالساعة الان : دعائي :
موضوع: رد: ABCs of UROLOGY-- الإثنين مارس 25, 2019 3:55 pm
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موضوع: رد: ABCs of UROLOGY-- الإثنين مارس 25, 2019 3:58 pm
Embryology Testes and Ovary
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موضوع: رد: ABCs of UROLOGY-- الإثنين مارس 25, 2019 4:01 pm
Embryology of Reproductive System .mp4
Genital Embryology
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موضوع: رد: ABCs of UROLOGY-- الإثنين مارس 25, 2019 4:04 pm
Genital System Development [وحدهم المديرون لديهم صلاحيات معاينة هذا الرابط]
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موضوع: رد: ABCs of UROLOGY-- الإثنين مارس 25, 2019 4:07 pm
Embryology of Kidney system , The development of Metanephros.
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موضوع: رد: ABCs of UROLOGY-- الإثنين مارس 25, 2019 4:10 pm
DEVELOPMENT OF THE KIDNEY-HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY- DR ROSE JOSE
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موضوع: رد: ABCs of UROLOGY-- الإثنين مارس 25, 2019 4:12 pm
Development of Bladder, Urethra and Prostate – Urinary System and Kidney Development
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موضوع: رد: ABCs of UROLOGY-- الإثنين مارس 25, 2019 4:27 pm
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Horseshoe kidney
Horseshoe kidneys are the most common type of renal fusion anomaly. They render the kidneys susceptible to trauma and are an independent risk factor for the development of: renal calculi @ and @ transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis.
Epidemiology Horseshoe kidneys are found in approximately 1 in 400-500 adults and are more frequently encountered in males (M:F 2:1) 1-3. The vast majority of cases are sporadic, except for those associated with genetic syndromes (see below) .
Clinical presentation Horseshoe kidneys are, in themselves, asymptomatic and thus they are usually identified incidentally. They are however prone to a number of complications as a result of poor drainage, which may lead to clinical presentation. These complications include:
hydronephrosis, secondary to pelviureteric junction obstruction renal calculi increased susceptibility to trauma infection and pyeloureteritis cystica increased incidence of malignancy Wilms tumor (transitional cell carcinoma (TCC renal carcinoid 9 renovascular hypertension
Pathology Embryology A horseshoe kidney is formed by fusion across the midline of two distinct functioning kidneys, one on each side of the midline. They are connected by an isthmus of either functioning renal parenchyma or fibrous tissue. In the vast majority of cases the fusion is between the lower poles (90%). In the remainder the superior or both the superior or inferior poles are fused. This latter configuration is referred to as a sigmoid kidney
The normal ascent of the kidneys allows the organs to take their place in the abdomen below the adrenal glands. However with a horseshoe kidney, ascent into the abdomen is restricted by the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) which hooks over the isthmus. Hence horseshoe kidneys are low lying.
As a result of this fusion the inferior pole of each kidney point medially which is the reverse of the normal renal axis. The ureters leave the kidneys and pass anterior to the isthmus, which is typically located immediately below the inferior mesenteric artery.
Also due to the halted ascent, renal vascular anomalies are common: usually multiple renal arteries arise from the distal aorta or iliac arteries; this is important when these patients undergo any procedure, particularly a renal angiogram.
Associations Horseshoe kidneys are frequently associated with both genitourinary and non-genitourinary malformations, and : are also seen as part of a number of syndromes chromosomal/aneupliodic anomalies Down syndrome Turner syndrome: up to 7% have a horseshoe kidney Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18): up to 20% have a horseshoe kidney (Patau syndrome (trisomy 13 non-aneupliodic anomalies Ellis-van Creveld syndrome 2 Fanconi anemia 1 Goltz syndrome Kabuki syndrome Pallister-Hall syndrome VACTERL association
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موضوع: رد: ABCs of UROLOGY-- الإثنين مارس 25, 2019 9:20 pm
Horseshoe kidney
Horseshoe kidneys are the most common type of renal fusion anomaly. They render the kidneys susceptible to trauma and are an independent risk factor for the development of: renal calculi @ and @ transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis.
Epidemiology Horseshoe kidneys are found in approximately 1 in 400-500 adults and are more frequently encountered in males (M:F 2:1) 1-3. The vast majority of cases are sporadic, except for those associated with genetic syndromes (see below) .
Clinical presentation Horseshoe kidneys are, in themselves, asymptomatic and thus they are usually identified incidentally. They are however prone to a number of complications as a result of poor drainage, which may lead to clinical presentation. These complications include:
hydronephrosis, secondary to pelviureteric junction obstruction renal calculi increased susceptibility to trauma infection and pyeloureteritis cystica increased incidence of malignancy Wilms tumor (transitional cell carcinoma (TCC renal carcinoid 9 renovascular hypertension
Pathology Embryology A horseshoe kidney is formed by fusion across the midline of two distinct functioning kidneys, one on each side of the midline. They are connected by an isthmus of either functioning renal parenchyma or fibrous tissue. In the vast majority of cases the fusion is between the lower poles (90%). In the remainder the superior or both the superior or inferior poles are fused. This latter configuration is referred to as a sigmoid kidney
The normal ascent of the kidneys allows the organs to take their place in the abdomen below the adrenal glands. However with a horseshoe kidney, ascent into the abdomen is restricted by the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) which hooks over the isthmus. Hence horseshoe kidneys are low lying.
As a result of this fusion the inferior pole of each kidney point medially which is the reverse of the normal renal axis. The ureters leave the kidneys and pass anterior to the isthmus, which is typically located immediately below the inferior mesenteric artery.
Also due to the halted ascent, renal vascular anomalies are common: usually multiple renal arteries arise from the distal aorta or iliac arteries; this is important when these patients undergo any procedure, particularly a renal angiogram.
Associations Horseshoe kidneys are frequently associated with both genitourinary and non-genitourinary malformations, and : are also seen as part of a number of syndromes chromosomal/aneupliodic anomalies Down syndrome Turner syndrome: up to 7% have a horseshoe kidney Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18): up to 20% have a horseshoe kidney (Patau syndrome (trisomy 13 non-aneupliodic anomalies Ellis-van Creveld syndrome 2 Fanconi anemia 1 Goltz syndrome Kabuki syndrome Pallister-Hall syndrome VACTERL association
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موضوع: رد: ABCs of UROLOGY-- الثلاثاء مارس 26, 2019 4:50 pm
Video Description The renal arteries originate from the abdominal aorta and enter the renal hila to supply the kidneys. Any variant in arterial supply is important to clinicians undertaking surgery or other interventional renal procedures.
Gross anatomy Origin Arises from the abdominal aorta at the L1-2 vertebral body level, inferior to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery.
Course The right renal artery courses inferiorly and passes posterior to the IVC and the right renal vein to reach the renal hilum. The left renal artery is much shorter and arises slightly more inferior to the right main renal artery. Left renal artery courses more horizontally, posterior to the left renal vein to enter the renal hilum. Renal arteries are between 4-6 cm in length and usually 5-6 mm in diameter.
Branches Each renal artery gives off small branches in its proximal course, prior to dividing into dorsal and ventral rami. These branches are very small and often not visualised on imaging studies:
inferior adrenal artery ureteric artery capsular artery The dorsal and ventral rami divide into segmental branches within the renal hilum before entering the parenchyma: apical, anterior superior, anterior inferior (middle), inferior and posterior segmental renal arteries. These then divide into lobar branches which successively branch into interlobar, arcuate and interlobular arteries. The afferent arterioles, which supply the glomeruli, originate from the interlobular arteries.